Minimally Invasive Surgery is an approach to performing operations through smaller incisions and less tissue disruption than traditional open surgery. It is a clinical **concept and procedural strategy** rather than one single operation. It is commonly used in orthopedics, sports medicine, and spine surgery to diagnose and treat bone, joint, and soft-tissue conditions. It typically relies on specialized instruments and imaging or camera guidance to reach deep structures with limited exposure.

Joint Preservation is a set of strategies used to maintain a native joint and delay or avoid joint replacement. It is a clinical concept rather than a single procedure, device, or diagnosis. It is commonly used in orthopedics, sports medicine, and hip/knee preservation clinics. It focuses on reducing pain and improving function by addressing correctable causes of joint degeneration.

An **Uncemented Prosthesis** is an orthopedic implant designed to fix to bone **without bone cement**. It is a **device** concept most often discussed in **joint replacement (arthroplasty)**. In practice, it relies on **press-fit stability and bone ingrowth (osseointegration)** for long-term fixation. It is commonly used in hip arthroplasty and is also used in selected knee, shoulder, and other reconstructions.

A Cemented Prosthesis is an orthopedic implant that is fixed to bone using bone cement. It is a device concept most commonly discussed in joint replacement surgery (arthroplasty). In practice, it is frequently used in hip and knee arthroplasty and in some fracture-related arthroplasties. “Cemented” refers to how the implant is anchored, not to the implant being made of cement.

Bone Grafting is the placement of bone or bone-like material to help the body repair or rebuild bone. It is a **procedure** and a **biologic concept** used to support bone healing and restore skeletal structure. It is commonly used in fracture care, nonunion surgery, spinal fusion, and reconstructive orthopedics. Clinicians choose a graft type based on the defect, stability needs, and patient factors.

The Varus Stress Test is a **physical examination test** used to assess **lateral (outer-side) ligament stability** of a joint. In plain terms, it checks whether a joint “opens up” too much on the outer side when a controlled inward force is applied. It is most commonly used at the **knee** to evaluate the **lateral collateral ligament (LCL)** and related stabilizers. It can also be used at the **elbow** to assess the **lateral collateral ligament complex** in selected instability patterns.

Valgus Stress Test is a hands-on physical examination maneuver used to assess medial (inner-side) joint stability. It is a **clinical test** rather than a treatment or imaging study. It is most commonly used to evaluate the **medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee** and, in some settings, the **ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow**. Clinicians use it in sports medicine, orthopedics, emergency care, and routine musculoskeletal exams.

The Pivot Shift Test is a physical examination maneuver for the knee. It is a **clinical test** used to assess **anterolateral rotatory instability**, most commonly from **anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)** insufficiency. It helps clinicians judge how the tibia shifts and “reduces” relative to the femur during motion. It is commonly used in sports medicine, orthopedic clinics, and perioperative knee assessments.

The Posterior Drawer Test is a hands-on physical exam maneuver used to assess knee stability. It is a clinical **test** performed during a musculoskeletal examination. It primarily evaluates the integrity of the **posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)**. It is commonly used in sports medicine, emergency/trauma evaluation, and orthopedic clinics.

The Anterior Drawer Test is a hands-on clinical test used to assess joint stability. It is a physical exam test (not imaging) performed most commonly on the knee and ankle. It evaluates whether key stabilizing ligaments are functioning as expected. It is used in orthopedic, sports medicine, emergency, and rehabilitation settings.